How Far is Too Far? | The Age of A.I.

Once home to Howard Hughes'sSpruce Goose assembly hangar, and home to much ofthe first Iron Man, filmed 12 years ago. Many happy memories here. And speakingof taking a look back... Technology. It's advancing faster and taking less timeto be widely adopted than ever before, like as init took roughly 10,000 years to go from writingto printing press, but only about 500 moreto get to email. Now it seemswe're at the dawn of a new age, the age of A.I... Artificial Intelligence. Please define. [automated voice speaking] Uh-huh, okay.There you have it. What does it mean?I don't know. 

Tons of folksare working on it, right? Most people don't knowthat much about it, and of course,there's no shortage of data or opinions. Anyway, I've heard it said that the best wayto learn about a subject is to teach it, but to level with ya, I have a wildlyincomplete education... Not in my day job, where I've been A.I.-adjacentfor over a decade. Anyway, I figured nowwould be as good a time as any to catch upon the state of things regardingthis emerging phenomenon. My sense of itis it kind of feels like Pandora's box,maybe... ish? Much of my understandingon this topic has come from sci-fi stories, which usually depict us heading toward Shangri-Laor dystopia. Like most things, I suspect the truth is probablysomewhere in the middle. 

Now, along the way, we'll demystifysome common misconceptions about things we thoughtwe understood,but probably don't, terms such as "machine learning,""algorithms," "computer vision"and "Big Data," they will beconveniently unpacked to help us feel likewe know what we're doing, kinda. By the way, Pandora's box... wasn't a box. It... was a clay jar. 

How about that? Demystified. A.I. is teaching the machine, and the machinebecoming smart. Each time we createa more powerful technology, we create a bigger leverfor changing the world. [computer] Autonomous driving started. [Downey] It's an extraordinary time, one of unprecedented change and possibility. To help us understand what's happening, this series will look at innovators pushing the boundaries of A.I... No, stop! [Downey] ...and how their groundbreaking work is profoundly impacting our lives... Yay! [laughing] [Downey] ...and the world around us. In this episode, we'll meet two different visionaries exploring identity, creativity, and collaboration between humans and machines. Intelligence used to bethe province of only humans, but it no longer is. We don't program the machines.They learn by themselves. Mm. Ah. That's good. All right. 

My background's always beena mixture of art and science. I ended up doing a PhDin bioengineering, then I ended upin the film industry, working on King Kongto Avatar, simulating faces. I'd got to a pointin my career where I'd been, you know, lucky enough to wina couple of Academy Awards, so I thought,"Okay, what happens if we actually tried to bringthose characters to life, that actuallyyou could interact with?" [toddler crying] Baby... Ooh. [toddler fusses] What can you see? So "Baby X" is a lifelikesimulation of a toddler. Hey. Are youexcited to be here? She's actually seeing methrough the web camera, she's listeningthrough the microphone. Woo... yeah. Baby X is aboutexploring the nature of how would we builda digital consciousness, if it's possible? We don't knowif it's possible, but we're chipping awayat that problem. Hey, Baby. 

Hey. [Downey]"Problem" is an understatement for what Mark's chipping away at. His vision of the future is one where human and machine cooperate, and the best way to achieve that, he thinks, is to make A.I. as life-like as possible. Peek-a-boo! [Baby X giggling] [Downey] Which is why he began where most life begins... a baby... modeled after his own daughter. So if we startrevealing her layers, she's driven by virtual muscles, and the virtual muscles,in turn, are driven by a virtual brain. Now, these areradically simplified models from the real thing, but nevertheless, they're models thatwe can explore how they work, because we havea real template that exists, the human brain. So, these are all drivenby neural networks. [Downey] "Neural network" is a virtual, much simpler version of the human brain. The brain is the most complex system in our body. It's got 85 billion neurons, each of which fire non-stop, receiving, processing, and sending information. 

Baby X's brain is nowhere near as complex, but that's the goal. Instead of neurons, it's got nodes. The more the nodes are exposed to, the more they learn. [Sagar] What we've learnedis it's very hard to builda digital brain, but where we want to gowith it is we're trying to builda human-like A.I. which hasa flexible intelligence that can relate to people. I thinkthe best kind of systems are when humans and A.I.work together. One of the biggestmisconceptions of A.I. is that there isa super-intelligent being, or what we calla generalized A.I., that knows all, can do all, smarter than all of usput together. That is a total misconception. A.I. is built on us. A.I. is mimickingour thought processes. A.I. is basicallyan emulation of us. [Downey] Like visionaries before him, Mark's a dreamer. The current state of his moonshot, however, is a little more earthbound. [computer] Thank you for granting access to your microphone. It's good to hear you. [Downey] Today, most avatars are basically glorified customer-service reps. [service avatar] Rest assured, your health is my primary concern. [Downey] They can answer simple questions and give scripted responses. I love helping our customers, so I'm keen to keep learning. [Downey] Beats dealing withautomated phonelines for sure, but it's a far cryfrom Mark's ultimate vision... [Sagar] Hey, Baby. Hey. [Downey] ...to create avatars that can actually learn, interpret, and interact with the world around them, like a real human. 

What's this? Spider. So we're startingto get a spider formingin her mind here, she's starting to associatethe word with the image. So, Baby... spider. Spider. Spider... Good! Okay, what's this? [Baby] Spider. No. This is a duck. Look at the duck. [Baby] Duck. [Sagar] Yeah. [Downey] Baby X uses a type of A.I. called "object recognition." Basically, it's how a computer sees... how it identifies an object, like a spider, or tells the difference between a spider and a duck. It's somethingthat you and I do naturally... ...but machines, like Baby X, need to learn from scratch, by basically siftingthrough enormous piles of data to search for patterns, so that eventually, it can drive a car, or pick out a criminal in a crowded photograph, or tell the difference between me and... that guy. [Sagar]But now I'm gonna tell herthat spiders are scary. Look out!Rawr! Scary spider! Rawr! [crying] Hey, hey. Don't cry.It's okay. 

Hey... [Baby crying] Hey, it's okay. Now she's responding emotionallyto me as well, so we've gone all the way down to virtual neurotransmitters,hormones, and so forth, so Baby X has a stress system. If I give her a fright... Boo! So we'll see basically some noradrenalinewas released then, and she's gone into a much morevigilant state of mind. [Downey] What Mark is working on is known as "affective computing," A.I. that interprets and simulates human emotion. I believe that machinesare gonna interact with humans just the waywe interact with one another, through perception,through conversation. So as A.I.continues to become mainstream, it needsto really understand humans, and so we wantto build emotion A.I. that enables machinesto have empathy. Hello, Pepa. -Hello.-[man] Hello. -Hello.-Hello. -Hello.-[laughing] Oh, dear. -We can do this forever.-I know we could. [laughs] [Howard] They've showed,for example, older adults who have A.I. aidesat their nursing homes, they are happier with a robot that emotesand is social than having no one there. That's really the enhancementof human relationships. [Sagar] Hey...Hello. 

You know, human cooperation is the most powerful forcein human history, right? Human cooperationwith intelligent machines will definethe next era of history. Using a machinewhich is connected with the rest of the worldthrough the Internet, that can work as a creative,collaborative partner? That's unbelievable. [will.i.am]Jessica. Jessica.One more time, one more time. We're gonna gofrom just the first two verses, and the first two verses will take usto three minutes, okay? I love music. The whole concept of musicis collaboration, so if there are some peoplethat see me as a musician, that's awesome. I firstbecame interested in A.I. because A.I.is a very fruitful placeto create in. It's a new tool for us. I dream,and make my dreams reality, whether the dream is a song or the dreamis an avatar of myself. One time, a friend was like,"Well, you can't clone yourself. You can't bein two places at once." That's the promiseof the avatar. I left it over there. All right, here we go. [Sagar] So, you're aboutto enter the Matrix. I'm gonna sort of direct youthrough just a bunch of poses. [will.i.am]The team from Soul Machines is here to createa digital avatar of myself. They had to put mein this huge contraption with these crazy lights. 

What do you want me to do? [Sagar]Your face is an instrument. All the wrinkles on the faceis like a signature, so we want to get the highest-quality digitalmodel of you that we can. Okay.[chuckles] [Sagar] Yeah, that's perfect.Okay, go. [rapid shutters snapping] [Sagar] So we have to captureall the textures of their face. The geometry of their face... Big, gnashy teeth. How their face deforms to form the differentfacial expressions. And how about a kiss? You could do... With my eyes closed? 'Cause I don't kisswith my eyes open. Every once in a while,I peek. [cameras snapping] I wanted to have a digital avatararound the idea of Idatity, and that's the marriageof my data and my identity. Everyone's concernedabout, like, identity theft. Meanwhile,everybody's giving awayall their data for free on the Internet. I'm what I likeand what I don't like, I'm where I go,I'm who I know. I'm what I search.I am my thumbprint. I am my data.That's who I am. You pull your eyelids downlike that. We want to get that... yup. [will.i.am]When I'm on Instagramand I'm on Google, I'm actually programmingthose algorithmsto better understand me. Awesome. In the future,my avatar's gonna bedoing all that stuff, because I'm gonna program it. 

Get entertained through it,get information through it, and you feel like you're having a FaceTimewith an intelligent entity. [laughing]"Yo, check out this link." "Oh, wow, that's crazy." "Yo, can you post thaton my Twitter?" [laughter] -Hey.-Hey. All right,I'm the Soul Machineslead audio engineer. Hopefullywe'll be able to buildan A.I. version of your voice. After creating Will's look, then we nowhave to create his voice. For that, we actually haveto capture a lot of samples about how Will speaks, and that's actuallyquite a challenging process. -Shall we kick off?-Yeah, let's kick off. -A'ight, boo, here we go.-Yeah. I'm Will,and I'm happy to meet you. I'm here to bringtechnology to life, and let's talk aboutArtificial Intelligence. Oops. Really? Whoa. That's dope! So there's so many waysof saying "dope," bro. Yeah, yeah. Now, how realisticis it going to be? This will sound like you. The sentencescan be divided up into parts so that we can create words and build sentences,like LEGO blocks. It will soundexactly like you. Well, maybe we don't wantto have it too accurate. So you don't freak people out,maybe I don't want it accurate. 

Maybe, there should besome type of... "That's the A.I.," 'cause thisis all new ground. -Yeah.-Like, we've... we are in an intersectionof a place that we've never beenin society, where people have to determine what's realand what's not. [Downey] While Mark jets back to New Zealand to try to create Will's digital doppelganger, Will's left waiting, and wondering... can Mark pull this off? What does it mean to have a lifelike avatar of you? A digital replicant of yourself? Is that a good idea? How far is too far? [Domingos] We've beencollaborating with machines since the dawn of technology. I mean, even today, in some sense,we are all cyborgs already. For example, you use OKCupidto find a date, and then you use Yelpto decide where to go, you know, what restaurant to go to, and thenyou start driving your car, but there's a GPS system thatactually tells you where to go. So the humanand the machine decision-making are very tightly interwoven, and I think this willonly increase as we go forward. [Downey] Human collaboration with intelligent machines... A different musician in a different town with a different approach is giving the same problem a shot. [Gil Weinberg]People are concerned about A.I. replacing humans, and I thinkit is not only not going to replace humans,it's going to enhance humans. I'm Gil Weinberg.I'm the founding director of Georgia Tech Centerfor Music Technology.

[plays piano] Ready? In my lab, we are tryingto create the new technologies that will explorenew ways to be expressive... to be creative... Shimon,it's a marimba-playing robot. [playing marimba] What it doesis listen to humans playing, and it can improvise. Shimon isour first robotic musician that has the abilityto find patterns, so, machine learning. Machine learning is the abilityto find patterns in data. So, for example,if we feed ShimonMiles Davis, it will try to see what note is he likely to playafter what note, and once it finds its patterns,it can start to manipulate it, and I can have the robotplaying in a style that maybe is 30% Miles Davis,30% Bach, 30% Madonna,and 10% my own, and create morphing of musicthat humans would never create. [band playing tune] [Downey] Gil's groundbreaking work in artificial creativity and musical expression has been performed by symphonies around the world... ...but his innovation also caught the attention of another musician... Okay. [Downey] ...a guy who unexpectedly pushed Gil beyond enhancing robots to augmenting humans. [Weinberg] I met Jason Barnesabout six years ago, when I was just about finishingone phase of developing Shimon, and I was starting to think,"What's next?" [Barnes] I got my firstdrum kit when I was 15,on Christmas, and when I lost my limb,I was 22, so I was kind of usedto having two limbs. I started tryingto fabricate prosthetics to tryand get me back on the kit, which eventually led meto working and collaboratingwith Georgia Tech.

[playing drums] [Weinberg] He told methat he lost his arm, he was devastated,he was depressed, music was his life, and he said,"I saw that you developrobotic musicians. Can you use someof the technology that you have in order to allow meto play again like I used to?" So that's the prosthetic armthat we built for Jason. When he came to us, he just wanted to be ableto use sensors here so he can hold the sticktight or loose. I suggested "Let's do that,but also, let's have two sticks. One stick can operatewith a mind of its own, understanding the musicand improvising. One stick can operate based onwhat you tell itwith your muscle, and also, each one of the stickscan play 20 hertz... ...faster than any humans, and together,they can create polyrhythm, create all kind of texturesthat humans cannot create." All right.I think we're ready to play. [all playing tune] [Downey] In some ways, the robotic drum arm allows Jason to play better than he ever has, but it still lacks the true function, or feeling, of a human hand.

[Weinberg] They don't provide the kind of dexterityand subtle control that wouldreally allow anything. [Downey] This revelation drove Gil to his next innovation... the Skywalker Hand. Inspired by Luke Skywalker from Star Wars, and created in collaboration with Jason, the revolutionary tech brings what was once the realm of sci-fi a little closer to our galaxy. [Barnes] This is just likea 3D-printed hand that you can, like,download the files online. [Downey] Currently,most advanced prosthetic hands can't even thumbs-up or flip you the bird. They can only open or grip, using all five fingers at once. Most of the prostheticsthat are availableon the market nowadays, um, actually useEMG technology, which standsfor "electromyography," and essentially what it doesis there are two sensors that make contactwith my residual limb, and they pick up electricalsignals from the muscles... So again, when I flexand extend my residual limb, it will openand close the hand, um, and I can rotate as well, but the problem with EMG is it's a very vagueelectrical signal,so zero to 100%. It's not very accurate at all. 

The Skywalker Handactually uses ultrasound tech. Ultrasound provides an image, and you can seeeverything that's going oninside of the arm. [Downey] Ultrasounduses high-frequency sound waves to capture live images from inside the body. As Jason flexes his muscles to move each of his missing fingers, ultrasound generates live images that visualize his intention. The A.I. then uses machine learning to predict patterns, letting a man who's lost one of his hands move all five of his fingers individually, even if he's as unpredictable as Keith Moon. [Howard]The work that Gil is doing is really important. Gil comes froma non-engineering background, which means that his technology and the wayhe thinks about robotics is actually quite different than, say, the wayI would think about it, since I come froman engineering background. And the commonality isthat we want to design robots to really impactand make a differencein the world. [Weinberg] We were ableto create a proof of concept with Jason Barnes. Once we discovered thatwe can do this with ultrasound, immediately I looked at, "Hey, let's tryto help more people." [Jay Schneider] That's okay,just leave me hanging,holding it. 

It's not heavy or anything. [Barnes] It's safe,if you want to slide it back... No, no.I'm messing with you. So I met Jason Barnes at an event called"Lucky Fin Weekend." They're a foundation that dealswith limb difference. There we go. -Ah, all right.-And it's out. [Schneider]Do you ever work on your car without the hook? Not really. It's just way easierand efficient for me to... The hook, the hook reallytrips me out, though, man. [Schneider]When I lost my hand, it was close to 30 years ago, and prosthetics werekind of stuck in the Dark Ages. [rock drums and bass playing] In general, they didn'treally do a whole lot, and even if they moved, they seemed to be more passivethan actually worthwhile to use. I don't like to talkabout my accident, because I don't feelit defines me. The narrativeon limb-different people has been the accident. "This is what happened,and these are these sad things," and it becomesinspiration porn. For me, for example, right,if I do something, I have to, like,smash it out of the park, because otherwise I feel likethere's gonna be this, "Oh, well, he did it good enoughbecause he's missing his hand." -Yeah, yeah.-And I'm like, "F that!" Like, I want to...I'm gonna be as good or betterthan somebody with two hands doing whatever I'm doing,you know? Prosthetics,at this point in my life, don't really seem like somethingI would want or need. [Weinberg]Manual robotic prosthetics have not been adopted well. Amputees try them, and then they don'tcontinue to use them. [Barnes] Yeah, man,you stoked to check out the lab? Yeah, yeah, for sure. Right now,I'm the only amputeethat's ever used the Skywalker Arm before. Did you have...were you right-handed? No, I was bornleft-handed, actually. Oh, you lucky bastard. -Yeah, I know, right?-I was right-handed. [Barnes] It wasextremely important to get as many different peopleas we can in there, including other amputees.

It's hard to find peoplethat are amputees in general, and then, like,upper-extremity amputeesis the next thing, and then finding peoplewho are willing, to step outof their comfort zone -and then do this.-Right. [Schneider] When I met Jason, I found it really interestingthat we had a lot in common, because we were both into cars,we were both into music. -Hi, Gil.-Hey. What's up? -Jason. Nice to meet ya.-Nice meeting you. He's a step or twoahead of mewith the technology stuff. [Barnes]The way this hand worksis it essentially picks up the ultrasound signalsfrom my residual limb, so when I move my index finger, it'll move my index... ring... [Schneider]Wow, for the first time, prosthetics are finallygetting to the point where they're gettingpretty close to actual human hand. You know, it got me excited.I was like, "This is the type of thingthat I've been waiting for." If I was ever goingto try one again, this would be the type of stuffthat I would want to check out. 

When I move my thumb... [laughter] I know from experience that it's not alwaysworking perfectly. It's very interesting for meto have someone else who comesand tries our technology to seeif it can be generalized. Is my arm getting warmerbecause you're wrapping it, or does that haveheat in it? -It does have heat in it.-Oh, okay. First thing we need,if we're gonna get Jayto try the hand, is we need to geta custom-fit socket to his arm that's comfortableand fits nice and snug. You comfortablewhen they do this? This is the most awkward partfor me. -Nah, it was kinda weird.-Ah, yeah. Yeah. I was 12 years oldwhen I lost my hand and had a prostheticfor six months, and pretty much ever since then,I haven't used it, and it's beenclose to 30 years now. And there's the impressionof your arm. That's way easierthan I thought it was gonna be. That's wild, yeah! It may not be right for me,but this is something that could really, reallyhelp people's lives. 

It would be really cool to have a hand in helpingto develop the technology. All right. All right, ready? Just slide it in. Turn this... tighten. [knob ratcheting] How tight? As tight as you canbefore it really hurts... -Oh, really?-...because the tighter it is, -the better reading we'll see.-Okay. -Now we apply the probe...-Okay. ...so it canread your movements. Now we also have to work on the algorithmand the machine learning, and for this,we will need you to train. Okay. An able-bodied person,when you move your finger, you're not thinkingabout moving your finger, you just do it, becausethat's how we're hardwired, but, honestly,I don't really remember what it was liketo even have that hand. [Weinberg] Even thoughan amputee doesn't have a thumb, they still have the muscle.

You still havesome kind of memory of howyou moved your fingers, and you can think aboutmoving your phantom fingers, and the muscleswould move accordingly, and that's exactly what we usein order to, uh, recreate the motionand put it in a prosthetic arm. But does Jay still rememberhow to move fingers that he didn't have for,I believe, 30 years ago? Now we'll run the model, and you'll be ableto control the hand. [chuckles] You're optimistic.I'm crossing fingers. Can I cross these fingers?[laughs] Is that...is that an option yet? Having Jay here for a day and hoping to get him to a point that he controlsfinger by finger, I'm a little concernedthat it will not work in such a short period of time. 

Okay. And... -Ready?-Yeah. You should tryeach of the fingers. All right, that's the thumb... -Oh, shit!-Unbelievable. All right, index... Yay! Wow, I'm surprised. Middle... [Barnes] Dude. Five for five? -[all cheering]-All five of them! -Whoa.-That's wild. All right,let me do it again. You're a natural, man. Doesn't that feel crazy? -Yeah!-Feels wild. -I didn't thinkit'd be as good.-I didn't either. He hit me in the backafter it worked, so... That's the first time. [Schneider]It's like a game-changer,even in its infancy, which is kind of insane, because it canonly get better from there. 

And it's really coolto play a small part in that. [Weinberg]Now we have two main goals. First,you need to move your muscleor your phantom finger, and immediately see response,so this is one directionof research. The other directionis to make it more accurate. Being able to typeon a keyboard, use a computer mouse,uh, open a water bottle, things like that thatmost people take for granted. It's kind of like a...you know, sci-fi movie,soon to be written. -[laughter]-Give us five, right? That's awkward...oh, robot to robot hand. Nice! -That's...that was real, right?-Yeah. If I find out you guyshad a button under that desk... No, nah, I promise.I promise. 

[Downey]What began as one man's pursuit to innovate music through A.I. and robotics unexpectedly became something much greater. A human bodycooperating with a bionic hand is one thing... but is it possible to humanize a machine to the point that it truly seems lifelike? Or is that still sci-fi, and far, far away? [Greg]How did things go with Will? [Sagar] You know, one ofthe real challenges there was just getting enough material that we could actuallycome back with. We can't possibly capturesomebody's real personality, you know, that's impossible, but in orderfor it to really work, it's really importantto capture a feeling of Will. Right, so... [Downey] Will's avatar is actually Mark's first go at creating a digital copy of a real person. Wow, that's lookingpretty good. [Downey] He's not just trying to clone a human, by any stretch, but trying to create an artificial stand-in that's somewhat believable. Still, like most firsts, it's bumpy, and it's a cautious road into the unknown. 

[tech] A big challengethat I've found while I've been lookingthrough a lot of the images is it seems that Will wasmoving a lot during the shots. [Colin Hodges] Okay. Whenwe're building digital Will, we have about eight artistson our team that come together and pull allof the different components to bring togetherthis real-time character that's driven bythe artificial intelligence to behavelike Will behaves. Big challenges we've got is how we createWill's personality. Yeah. Like, the liveliness and the energythat he generates, and the excitement. The facial hairwas a challenge. Because it's so sparse,it's quite tricky to get the hair separatedfrom the skin. [Sagar] We haveto be able to synthesize the sort of feel thatyou're interacting with Will. So, Teah,I've got some stuff to hear. We've got 16 variations. -16 variations?-Yeah. [Sagar] We take the voice datathat we've got, and then we can enablethe digital version of Will to say all kindsof different things. [digital Will] Here's the forecast.

Yo, check out the forecast. Yo, check out the weather and shit. Here's the weather. Check out the weather. Yah, 'bout to make it rain! Kinda. [Sagar] That's fantastic...the words, the delivery, emphasis... Shows you just how complexpeople react. [will.i.am] It's awesomewhere we arein the world of tech. Scary where we are,as well. My mind started thinking,like, "Wait a second here. Why am I doing this? What's the endgame?" Because, eventually,I won't be around, but it would. [Downey] Will's endgame is more modest than Mark's: a beefed-up Instagram following, a virtual assistant, anything that might help him expand his creative outlets or free up time for more creative or philanthropic pursuits. Okay, so, here we go. That's looking really different. It's gonna bereally interesting, because, you know,it's not every day you get confrontedwith your virtual self. Right. Does he feelthat this is like him? If it's notrepresentative of him or if he doesn't thinkit's authentic, then he won't wantto support it. -What up, Mark? -Oh, hey, how are you? -You can see me, right? -Yes. Yo, wassup? This is will.i.am.

[laughing] [Sagar]This is the new version of you. We can give him glasses there. [will.i.am laughs]That's awesome. I remember I had a pimpleon my face that day.You captured it. The good thing is, it's digital, and we can remove it really easily. How come you didn'tremove that? [laughs] [Sagar] You can make him do a variety of things. Let's play "Simon Says." Say, "I sound like a girl." I sound like a girl. Say that with a higher pitch. [high voice] I sound like a girl. Raise your eyebrows. Poke out your tongue. [Will laughs] [will.i.am]Tell me about growing upin Los Angeles. I was born and raised in Boyle Heights, which is west of east Los Angeles, which is east of Hollywood. Just east of downtown. [will.i.am] Should itsound exactly like me? Nope. Should it sounda little bit robotic? Yes. It should. For my mom. My mom should not be confused. What's your name? [in Spanish] Mi nombre es Will. [in English] You speak Spanish? I don't know. [laughing] I know it needssome fine-tuning, but the wayit's looking so far is mind-blowing. Thanks, Mark. Yeah, no worries.

[Sagar] How fardo you go down that path until you can label ita living... a digital living character? This raises some ofthe deepest questions in scienceand philosophy, actually, you know,the nature of free will. How do you actually build a characterwhich is truly autonomous? Peek-a-boo! [Baby X giggles] What is free will?What does it take to do that? [Weinberg]Artificial Intelligence is crucialto the work we are doing, to inspire, to surprise, to push human creativityand abilities to uncharted domains. [all cheering] Unbelievable. [playing drums] [Downey] Free will... ...it's something we've been grappling with for thousands of years, from Aristotle to Descartes, and will continue to grapple with for a thousand more.

Will we ever be able to make an A.I. that can think on its own? A second, artificial version of me that is truly autonomous? A Robert that can actually think and feel on his own, while this Robert here takes a nap? [engines roaring] Impossible? Well, when you consider what human cooperation has already accomplished... a man on the moon... decoding the human genome... discovering faraway galaxies... I'd put my money on dreamers like Mark and Gil over the "Earth is flat" folks any day. Until then... nap time. [man 1] Look at our world today. Look at everythingwe've created. Artificial Intelligenceis gonna be the technology that takes thatto the next level. [man 2] Artificial Intelligencecan help us to feedthe world's population. [man 3]The fact that we can findwhere famine might happen, it's mind-blowing. These are conflict areas, this is an area that we needto look at protecting. Then launch A.I. [man 4]We are going to releasethe speed limit on your car. 

Tim, can you hear me? [man 5] With A.I., ideas are easy,execution is hard. [Domingos]What excites me the mostabout where we might be going is having more super-powers... [firefighter] I got him! [Domingos]...and A.I. is super-powersfor our mind. [man 6]Even though the limbis synthetic materials, it moves as ifit's flesh and bone. [woman 1]You start to thinkabout a world where you can prevent diseasebefore it happens. [man 7]A.I. can give us that answer that we've been seekingall along... "Are we alone?" Bah! [man 8] I love the ideathat there are passionate people dedicating their time and energy to making these things happen.